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the ant and the acacia
coevolution
camel and non-ant-acacia
thorns on non-ant-acacia
Acacia ruddaei
twig, non-acacia-ants
ant-acacia distribution
an ant-acacia
ant-acacia leaves & thorns
ant-acacia swollen thorns
new ant-acacia thorns
green thorn interior
ant-acacia foliar nectaries
sugar from foliar nectaries
Beltian bodies
rainy season dry forest
dry season dry forest
leafy in the dry season
Pseudomyrmex acacia-ants
an entire acacia-ant colony
first step
second step
third step
fourth step
fourth step close up
fifth step
sixth step
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seventh step
colony queen
eighth step
acacia-ant calling
acacia-ant mating
ant-acacia establishment
acacia-ant fruits
inflorescence & bee
mature fruit
seedling ant-acacia
stunted seedling/sapling
queen cutting an entrance
young colony, young plant
massive growth
senescence
ant patrolling
acacia-ant attack of insects
acacia-ant attack of insects
William Morton Wheeler
natural unoccupancy
natural occupancy
experiment: step I
experiment: step 2
experiment: step 3, 45 days
experiment: step 3, 45 days
experiment: step 4, 12 mo
experiment: step 4, 12 mo
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herbivores of ant-acacias
herbivores of ant-acacias
shade and ant-acacias
shade and the ant-acacias
vines and the ant-acacia
vines and the ant-acacia
keeping vines off
keeping vines off
basal circles
serendipitous consequence
impact of shade
impact of no shade
large herbivores
are ant-acacias edible?
thorns do not stop deer
thorns do protect some
not coevolved
a caterpillar
caterpillar and ant-acacias
Syssphinx mexicana
the adult and oviposition
eggs and colony odor
a beetle
the beetle
commensals & parasites
birds
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